A glimpse into the misunderstood history of geisha (2024)

For many, the term “geisha” conjures a striking image: a face painted bright white, a head of glossy sculpted black hair, and traditional kimono in an array of vibrant colors.

Since 2021, Japan has been grappling with how to handle skyrocketing numbers of overseas tourists—some 25 million in 2023 and 11.6 million in the first four months of 2024 alone. Many of them travel to the country's second most popular destination (behind Tokyo), Kyoto, hoping to catch a glimpse of the iconic entertainers.

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The city, considered the country’s cultural capital and a bastion of geisha business, was flooded with travelers unaware of (or purposefully turning a blind eye to) etiquette and rules of the geisha district Gion.

After Gion residents filed complaints against what they termed “unruly tourists,” the local government was forced to act, instituting a tourist ban that went into effect in earlier this year. “Kyoto is not a theme park," the local council said. The fines for trespassing are listed as up to ¥10,000, or about US $64.

Repeated complaints against tourists have been made by geisha (regionally known as geiko) and maiko (geiko in training, often only teens), who are often subjected to photos against their consent—even with numerous signs posted around Kyoto that clearly state the rules and the fines for infractions.

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The new policy is the latest in Japan’s ongoing battle with overtourism, which has led to stressed infrastructure and marginalization of local communities. But understanding the new ban goes beyond the sheer numbers of visitors—it also requires recognition of centuries of Western sexualization and erasure of geisha’s historic and cultural context.

Understanding geisha in modern Japan

Thanks to centuries of sexualization in Western media, the image of the geisha is often closely linked with sex work. There is some historical truth here—geisha had been connected to the pleasure quarters and, back in the Tokugawa period, did engage in sex work during a time when it was more widely practiced.

However, much of the contemporary, erotically charged conceptions stem from highly sensationalized tales told by writers like Arthur Golding, whose novel Memoirs of a Geisha set the tone for how these women have been understood in the West for decades.

But this misunderstanding of the geisha strips them of a centuries-long history rooted in culture and art.

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The term geisha (芸者) emphasizes entertainment, artistry, and performance. The first character, gei, is the same found in words for the arts (芸術), artist (芸術家), performing arts (芸能), and so on.

“It can't be overemphasized that the image that geisha would almost automatically conjure up today—especially abroad but not exclusively so—is rather irregular when we try historicizing the term," Maki Isaka, a professor at the University of Minnesota who specializes in Japanese performance and gender studies. "Geisha means ‘that which (sha)’ do ‘gei(acquired artistic technique),’ a term that was used in that exact manner in the past, but was even broader to include even martial arts practitioners.”

The term itself is not necessarily even gendered. Historians note that the first geisha were actually men who worked in what was then called Edo, now modern-day Tokyo. “Depending on regions,geishaas a ‘gender-neutral’ term indicates malegeisha, and a gender signifier would be necessary to signify female counterparts,” Isaka says.

Geisha is also not a monolithic word, it is simply the word that was carried over into English; in other cities, like Kyoto, the term geiko is used instead.

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The connection to entertainment and performance is clear even in the aesthetics of geisha—the striking painted-on white makeup that is so striking is also found in kabuki theater and in the pale white masks used in Noh theater.

“In Edo-era theatre-related publications from the late 17th through early 18th centuries,geishausually meanskabukiactor, when kabukiactors were default male at that time,” Isaka says.

And, like the traditional performance houses of kabuki and Noh, geisha houses follow a system of passing down knowledge and skills through hierarchical systems to guide maiko, geisha-in-training, along their journey.

These maiko, generally between fifteen to twenty years old, learn tea ceremony, dance, and even music as part of their training. Becoming a geisha is a rigorous process that takes nearly a decade and includes a probationary period, apprenticeship, and training before a young woman even debuts as a maiko. Once a maiko, there is further training to become a geisha.

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The number of geisha have dropped somewhat in recent years due to the pandemic. The number of geisha in the five Kyoto districts hovered around 161 in 2021, with the number of maiko at 68. Young women can still apply to become maiko—even some Japanese American women have done so and shared their journey on social media—but like many industries tied to traditional culture, there is plateauing interest.

Kyoto’s Gion district ban

Although other cities in Japan have a history of geisha districts, Kyoto remains the main node of modern geisha culture.

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There are five geisha districts in Kyoto where geisha work, creating an ecosystem based in traditional culture that include other businesses that provide necessities for customers, including tea houses or banquet halls.

Not only do these establishments need ingredients to create full menus to service regulars and tourists, they also require artisans who can assist in the upkeep of buildings done in a traditional style, like tatami mat makers and skilled carpenters. Similarly, geisha need access to craftspeople to provide them with the necessities of their trade like elaborate kimono and their various accessories.

But these districts also include run-of-the-mill residents who often find their lives disrupted by a flood of tourists on foot and on buses, particularly in the last several years.

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Unfortunately, most tourists who visit Kyoto aren’t aware of the history of geisha nor are they aware of the etiquette and rules of the district. Florentyna Leow, writer, editor, and long-time travel consultant based in Kyoto noticed an uptick in tourism across Japan in the last few years, particularly in Kyoto.

“There are far more selfie-sticks, more video-filming in all sorts of places from temples to tiny restaurants, along with more wandering around and talking into a phone," compared to before the pandemic, she says. "This all means that total strangers are unwittingly pulled into photos or video they did not consent to.”

The tourist ban in Kyoto might seem extreme, but the idea of limiting who has access to geisha and their spaces isn’t new. Tea houses may limit customers and can even institute a referral system—first-time customers may not be allowed in unless they can be vetted by a regular, repeat customer or through a trusted third-party.

It’s also well known that geisha and maiko hold their professional secrets close, making it difficult even for well-meaning academics to gather information from their informants until they can prove their good intentions.

But the ban raises another crucial problem—determining who is a resident or a domestic tourist and who is a foreign, non-Japanese tourist. There are many non-Japanese residents who may be barred from going about their legitimate business simply based on appearance. Such a ban won’t be easy to uphold and instead presents a short-sighted approach to a very real problem that is unlikely to disappear.

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A glimpse into the misunderstood history of geisha (2024)

FAQs

What is the brief history of geisha? ›

Geisha have been a part of Japanese tradition and culture since the 1600s. They are highly trained in dancing, singing, calligraphy, flower arranging, the art of conversation, tea ceremonies, and playing a lute-like instrument called a shamisen. The Japanese word geisha would translate to artist in English.

Did geisha sell Mizuage? ›

Mizuage. Their role is often misunderstood by those not of Japanese descent. Geisha are not prostitutes, in the past, the right to take the virginity of a Geisha (mizuage) was sold by the Geisha house. In reality, it was more a sponsorship for the Maiko's training, which was really expensive.

What is the controversy with the geisha? ›

What was the controversy of Memoirs of a Geisha? The author of the novel was sued for defamation by Mineko Iwasaki, a Japanese geisha he interviewed for the book. The geisha claimed the author manipulated the truth and used many events from her life and added the prostitution narrative.

What is the point of a geisha? ›

The main function of the geisha is to provide an atmosphere of chic and gaiety for her wealthy clientele. Geisha are usually exquisitely dressed in traditional kimonos and delicately mannered and have a knowledge not only of the past but also of contemporary gossip.

Do geishas still exist today? ›

Nowadays, there are just 1,000 geisha left in Japan, most of whom live and work predominantly in Tokyo and Kyoto. These modern geisha tend to remain within their district, where they're treated with the utmost respect by Japanese locals, and not approached for photos or conversation.

Are geishas allowed to marry? ›

Geisha cannot get married. The rule of this profession is “being married to the art, not a man”. If they want to get married, they have to quit the job. Once they quit, it's usually impossible to come back, however they can debut from the beginning in a different city, under a different name and rules.

Why was Memoirs of a Geisha banned? ›

The media pointed out Zhang Ziyi's role involving nudity and allusions to prostitution, and also a scene in which she bathes with a Japanese man as reasons for the ban, and the fact that it was totally unacceptable in China for a Chinese woman to play a Japanese geisha.

How did geishas prevent pregnancy? ›

Barrier methods were always very popular. A halved, emptied lemon skin placed over the cervix worked well, for example, as did sponges soaked in natural spermicides such as vinegar.

Has there ever been a white geisha? ›

Now Sayuki, she is the only white woman to ever become a full-fledged geisha in Japan. Sayuki says it took her three years to perfect the art of geisha. "Everybody knows that to become a ballet dancer takes an incredible amount of training, and obviously a geisha is the same," she says.

Are geishas celibate? ›

Some geisha would sleep with their customers, whereas others would not, leading to distinctions such as kuruwa geisha – a geisha who slept with customers as well as entertaining them through performing arts – yujō ("prostitute") and jorō ("whore") geisha, whose only entertainment for male customers was sex, and machi ...

How true is Memoirs of a Geisha? ›

No, it is not based on a true story. However, a real geisha, named Mineko Iwasaki, sued the author of the book because of defamation. Surprisingly, not the plot, but some characters in the book resembled some of the real characters in Mineko Iwasaki's life that she shared with the author in a private conversation.

Are geishas respected? ›

No, as prostitution is illegal in Japan and the geishas are cultural performers who are deeply respected.

Why do geishas have white faces? ›

It is said that during the olden days without electricity, the geishas entertain under candlelight illumination, and the white makeup is highly flattering under the soft golden glow. It also plays with the Japanese concept of “what's hidden is more beautiful”, by not showing the bare face right away.

Why did the geisha cut her leg? ›

To inflame a doctor's lust for Sayuri (for the impending bidding war for her virginity), Mameha intentionally cuts Sayuri's leg high on her thigh (off camera). Mameha tells the doctor the cut came from a scissors accident; he stares longingly at her leg before stitching it up.

Are you allowed to take pictures of geishas? ›

Plenty of rules, little enforcement

Today, signs in three languages also explain that geisha photography is not allowed without a permit, and that violators could be charged up to ¥10,000 ($67). However, according to Ota, this fine is unenforceable. Teahouses and restaurants line the famous Pontocho Alley in Gion.

What is the story of a geisha girl? ›

It tells the story of a young Japanese girl, Chiyo Sakamoto, who is sold by her impoverished family to a geisha house (okiya) to support them by training as and eventually becoming a geisha under the pseudonym "Sayuri Nitta." The film centers around the sacrifices and hardship faced by pre-World War II geisha, and the ...

What is the geisha secret about? ›

The Geisha Secret is an original dating book that mixes the ancient secrets of femininity, elegance, and intellectual and artistic achievement of Japanese Geisha adapting them to the dating needs of modern women.

What happens when geishas get old? ›

Geishas are required to remain unmarried, but can work in the profession as long as they want without retiring. So even now, aged 80, Ikuko is not only head of the Akasaka Geisha Association – she's also a practicing geisha.

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